Because it seems likely that there is money to be made by reducing fossil fuel use, and energy use in general, there is currently an intense amount of entrepreneurial activity surrounding all aspects of our energy supply and usage. This book is an attempt to make some sense of the overwhelming amount of information about this activity streaming down the web (and in the scientific and engineering journals). It is a result of three months in early 2015 of combing through entrepreneurial websites, news items in the press, and a variety of other sources (all well documented in the book) to see what new and exciting developments are occurring in energy. The result is a fascinating look at the types of changes in our energy mix in the near future through over 250 vignettes of innovative energy projects, many in their earliest stages, organized by type of energy activity being considered.
Sections of the book include energy efficiency, energy storage, improving the grid, novel energy applications, photovoltaics, solar thermal, hydro/tidal/wave energy, wind, geothermal, nuclear, vehicles, biofuels and synfuels, hydrogen, hydraulic fracturing, carbon sequestration, energy governance, and energy finance and economics.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
FORWARD…………………………………………………… 21
by Emil Morhardt
ENERGY EFFICIENCY……………………………………. 23
Coolerado’s Air Conditioners Save Energy With HMX Technology. 23
by Mariah Valerie Barber
Apple Announces Data Centers run on Renewable Energy……….. 24
by Mariah Valerie Barber
ORNL Creates Low Cost Energy Sensors………………………………. 25
by Mariah Valerie Barber
Sabien’s Boilers Significantly Reduces Energy Consumption……. 26
by Mariah Valerie Barber
Nest: Smart Tech That Pays for Itself…………………………………… 27
by Hannah Brown
Copenhagen, the New City of Lights……………………………………. 29
by Hannah Brown
A Light That Lasts Until You’re Middle Aged………………………….. 30
by Hannah Brown
Powerley: Tracking Your Energy Use with an App………………….. 31
by Hannah Brown
Three Secrets to Energy Efficiency………………………………………. 32
by Jessie Capper
Making Wastewater Treatment Plants’ Energy Consumption Net-Zero 34
by Jessie Capper
LiquiGlide: A Non-Stick Solution to Waste……………………………. 35
by Alex Elder
Energy Efficient Window Shades………………………………………… 36
by Alex Elder
Improving Energy Efficiency in the Ceramics Industry…………….. 36
by Alex Elder
Potential $6 Billion Annual Savings Opportunity via LED Outdoor Lighting 37
by Alexander Flores
10 for Tendril…………………………………………………………………. 38
by Alexander Flores
Surpass with Good Glass………………………………………………….. 39
by Alexander Flores
Energy-Friendly Furnace………………………………………………….. 40
by Alexander Flores
Stanford’s New Energy System…………………………………………… 41
by Dylan Goodman
EPA’s New Energy Star Home Advisor………………………………….. 42
by Dylan Goodman
Earthtronics new LED Bulbs………………………………………………. 43
by Dylan Goodman
MIT Energy Initiative………………………………………………………… 44
by Dylan Goodman
Staples Recycling and Energy Calculator……………………………… 45
by Dylan Goodman
New Water Heater Standards…………………………………………….. 46
by Dylan Goodman
SolarWindow Technologies……………………………………………….. 47
by Dylan Goodman
Calculating the Benefits: Green Roofs…………………………………. 47
by Alison Kibe
Using Sound to Detect Air Infiltration Into Buildings………………. 49
by Alison Kibe
Data Center Energy Consumption……………………………………….. 50
by Briton Lee
Food at What Cost?…………………………………………………………. 51
by Briton Lee
Purifying the Plastic Process…………………………………………….. 52
by Briton Lee
Cooling Buildings by Radiating Heat to Outer Space………………. 53
by Emil Morhardt
Better Sensors in Buildings to Decrease Energy Consumption…. 54
by Niti Nagar
Semitrex Launch Promises to Increase Power Supply Energy Efficiency, Eliminate Phantom Load 56
by Trevor Smith
Cut Down Energy Loss with Essess’s Infrared Technology………… 57
by Abigail Wang
Is Gaming the Future of Saving Energy?………………………………. 58
by Abigail Wang
Hurting the Environment by Going Green…………………………….. 59
by Abigail Wang
ENERGY STORAGE……………………………………….. 61
Google Rapidly Strives to Improve Its Battery Technology………… 62
by Mariah Valerie Barber
A Very Special Clay…………………………………………………………. 63
by Hannah Brown
A Tesla Battery for Your Home?………………………………………….. 64
by Nour Bundogji
TREASORES Develops Transparent Electrodes with Superior Performance 65
by Nour Bundogji
Researchers at Clemson University Develop a Super Battery……. 66
by Nour Bundogji
An Upcoming Method of Energy Storage……………………………….. 68
by Alex Elder
Ice Energy: As Cool as Energy Storage Gets…………………………… 69
by Alexander Flores
Start Up Tumalow—Reducing Peak Energy and Costs……………… 70
by Alison Kibe
Should You Buy Organic? For Batteries, Yes………………………… 71
by Alison Kibe
Everything is Better Deep-Fried…………………………………………. 72
by Briton Lee
Threading Energy……………………………………………………………. 74
by Briton Lee
Breathing New Life into Aluminum Batteries…………………………. 75
by Briton Lee
Energy Storage Under Regulatory Uncertainty……………………….. 76
by Emil Morhardt
Used Electric Vehicle Batteries for Home Energy Storage?……….. 76
by Emil Morhardt
Used EV Batteries to Stabilize the Grid………………………………… 77
by Emil Morhardt
Beefing up a Wind Turbine with Compressed Air………………….. 78
by Emil Morhardt
Compressed Air Hybrid Vehicles?………………………………………. 79
by Emil Morhardt
Trackside Flywheel Energy Storage in Light Rail Systems………… 80
by Emil Morhardt
Off the Grid, Batteries Not Included……………………………………. 81
by Emil Morhardt
Flywheel Versus Supercapacitor for Running a Small Electric Ferry 82
by Emil Morhardt
Wearable Supercapacitors: Making Devices More Flexible………. 83
by Emil Morhardt
Hybrid Energy Storage for CubeSats……………………………………. 83
by Emil Morhardt
Supercapacitors save Windpower Batteries………………………….. 84
by Emil Morhardt
Storing Wind Energy on Islands is Risky, Economically…………… 85
by Emil Morhardt
Energy Stored in the Wire?……………………………………………….. 85
by Emil Morhardt
Fast Discharge Batteries: Electric Eels…………………………………. 86
by Emil Morhardt
Battery Imaging Sheds Light on Future Renewable Energy……….. 87
by Niti Nagar
California’s Lack of Storage for Clean Energy………………………… 88
by Shannon O’Neill
California Needs to Invest in Renewable Energy Storage Technology 89
by Melanie Paty
Lithium-Air Batteries: The Next Battery Revolution?……………….. 90
by Chad Redman
Liquid Air Energy Storage………………………………………………….. 91
by Chad Redman
Redox Flow Batteries: For Grid Level Storage………………………… 92
by Chad Redman
Flywheel Kinetic Energy Storage: Energy in Motion…………………. 92
by Chad Redman
Pumped Hydroelectric Storage: Putting Gravity to Work………….. 93
by Chad Redman
IMPROVING THE GRID…………………………………… 95
New York Plan to Open a Smart Grid Laboratory……………………. 95
by Mariah Valerie Barber
Microgrid Micromanagement……………………………………………… 96
by Briton Lee
Consequences of the Electric Grid’s Inefficiency……………………. 97
by Shannon O’Neill
The Future of Electricity: Batteries and the Grid……………………. 99
by Ali Siddiqui
Europe’s Power Grid to be Increasingly Interconnected: Norway Plans Deep-Sea Cables to Germany, England 99
by Trevor Smith
Crossing Borders Through Electricity………………………………… 100
by Abigail Wang
NOVEL ENERGY APPLICATIONS…………………….. 103
ORNL Creates Low Cost Energy Sensors…………………………….. 103
by Mariah Valerie Barber
Blue Energy Pilot Plant Opens in the Netherlands……………….. 104
by Mariah Valerie Barber
New Printable Circuits Change the Future of Wearable Tech….. 105
by Alex Elder
Extending the Range of Wireless Charging………………………….. 106
by Briton Lee
Peanuts Packing a Punch……………………………………………….. 107
by Briton Lee
Electricity From Low-Level Heat………………………………………… 108
by Emil Morhardt
Bacteria Electrify Sewage, No Methane Needed……………………. 109
by Emil Morhardt
Microbial Electricity from Cyanide!……………………………………. 110
by Emil Morhardt
Jumping-Droplet Electrostatic Energy Harvesting…………………. 111
by Emil Morhardt
Wearable Energy-Generating Cloth May Replace Batteries……… 111
by Niti Nagar
Synthetic Diamonds Manipulated to be Sensitive Magnetic-Field Detectors 112
by Niti Nagar
SolePower: Solving the Mobile Energy Problem……………………. 114
by Shannon O’Neill
Heat Pumps Placed in Frigid Bodies of Water can Nevertheless Offer Clean, Cheap Heating 115
by Trevor Smith
PHOTOVOLTAICS……………………………………….. 117
China and Kenya Partner to Promote Solar Energy Technology… 117
by Mariah Valerie Barber
Inspired by Nature: The Bionic Leaf………………………………….. 118
by Hannah Brown
Copenhagen, the New City of Lights………………………………….. 120
by Hannah Brown
PosiGen is Making Solar Accessible………………………………….. 121
by Hannah Brown
From Sunshine Comes Potable Water………………………………… 122
by Hannah Brown
iGrenEnergi Develops Technology to Boost Productivity of Solar Panels 123
by Nour Bundogji
A Fully Transparent Photovoltaic Cell………………………………… 125
by Nour Bundogji
A Self-Powered Video Camera that Can Run Indefinitely without an External Power Supply 126
by Nour Bundogji
Collaboration for Efficient and Reliable Solar Tracking Technology for Commercial Businesses 127
by Jessie Capper
Pursuing the Next Frontier for Solar Technology: Northrop Grumman and Caltech’s Space Solar Initiative 128
by Jessie Capper
Solar Power in Space……………………………………………………… 130
by Alex Elder
An Off-Grid Renewable Energy Generator…………………………… 131
by Alex Elder
Jim Ayala and Hybrid Social Solutions: Innovation in Distributing Solar
by Liza Farr
Solar Fabric is the Second Generation of Solar Technology……. 133
by Liza Farr
Solé Power from MiaSolé…………………………………………………. 134
by Alexander Flores
New Solar Farm in China………………………………………………… 135
by Dylan Goodman
Perovskite Solar Cells……………………………………………………. 136
by Dylan Goodman
Solar Power Duo: A Perovskite and Silicone Based Semiconductor 137
by Alison Kibe
Material Architecture: Graphene and Carbon Nanotube Applications for Energy 138
by Alison Kibe
Expanding the Frontiers of Energy: Pay-as-You-Go Energy…….. 139
by Alison Kibe
Steps in Solar: The Hydrogen Super Emitters………………………. 140
by Alison Kibe
One Step Closer to Cheaper Solar Power……………………………. 141
by Briton Lee
Measuring Impacts of Solar Development on Mojave Desert Plants 142
by Emil Morhardt
Solar Panels Might Not Help CO2 Reduction Any Time Soon…… 144
by Emil Morhardt
One of the Nation’s Biggest Solar Farm Opens in California…… 145
by Shannon O’Neill
Debate over Buying or Leasing Solar Panels in Residential Homes 146
by Shannon O’Neill
Growing Competitiveness of Solar Energy…………………………… 147
by Shannon O’Neill
Community Solar Gardens and Other Shared Solar Power Systems Expected to Rise in 2015 148
by Melanie Paty
The Cutting Edge of Solar………………………………………………… 149
by Chad Redman
A Spherical Solution to Solar Power………………………………….. 150
by Chad Redman
The Fight for Home Solar Systems…………………………………….. 151
by Abigail Wang
SOLAR THERMAL………………………………………… 153
BrightSource’s Ivanpah CPS Bird Fatalities Controversy……….. 153
by Mariah Valerie Barber
Crescent Dunes Solves the Solar Farm Bird Death Problem with Energy Storage 154
by Liza Farr
Solar Plant Development Impeded by Tax Credit Reductions….. 157
by Niti Nagar
HYDRO/TIDAL/WAVE ENERGY……………………… 159
Clean Current Utilizes Marine Tidal Turbines to Produce Renewable Energy 159
by Mariah Valerie Barber
Tidal Lagoon Power Reveals Plans to Build World’s First Lagoon Power Plant 160
by Nour Bundogji
Carnegie Wave Energy……………………………………………………. 161
by Dylan Goodman
Converting Low-Head Hydropower into Air Pressure/Electricity. 162
by Emil Morhardt
Will Windpower Increase Hydroelectric Environmental Impacts? 163
by Emil Morhardt
Micro-Hydroelectricity in Building Water-Supply Pipes………… 164
by Emil Morhardt
Fishing Boat Transformed to Harness Energy from Ocean’s Waves 165
by Niti Nagar
Portland Plans to Generate Electricity through Water Pipes……. 166
by Niti Nagar
Difficulty of Harnessing the Ocean’s Great Power………………… 167
by Shannon O’Neill
CorPower’s Recent Breakthrough in Wave Energy Technology… 168
by Melanie Paty
Environmentalists Sue Governmental Agencies in an Effort to Help Pallid Sturgeon in Montana Rivers 169
by Trevor Smith
Proposed Tidal Lagoon Power Plant Could Provide Enough Energy to Power all of Wales 170
by Trevor Smith
Making Big Waves in Alternative Energies Energy………………… 171
by Abigail Wang
WIND POWER…………………………………………….. 175
Kenyan Government Solves Energy Issues with Largest Wind Power Project in Africa 175
by Jessie Capper
The Benefits of Offshore Wind Energy……………………………….. 176
by Alex Elder
Energy Kites: Airborne Wind Turbines……………………………….. 178
by Alex Elder
Smart Source with Skystream………………………………………….. 178
by Alexander Flores
Don’t Like Turbines? Try Flying a Kite……………………………….. 179
by Alison Kibe
Beefing up a Wind Turbine with Compressed Air………………… 180
by Emil Morhardt
Mini Piezoelectric Wind Turbine………………………………………. 181
by Emil Morhardt
Solar and Wind Producers in Japan, Portugal, Design Floating Power Plants 182
by Trevor Smith
GEOTHERMAL ENERGY……………………………….. 185
Iceland’s Deep Drilling Geothermal Energy Project……………….. 185
by Shannon O’Neill
Renewable Energy Resource Revolution in Nicaragua……………. 186
by Shannon O’Neill
AltaRock’s Enhanced Geothermal Systems………………………….. 187
by Ali Siddiqui
The United Forest Service Hopes to Lease Washington National Forest for Geothermal Development 188
by Trevor Smith
New Fluid Promises to Increase Efficacy of Enhanced Geothermal Systems 189
by Trevor Smith
NUCLEAR POWER……………………………………….. 191
Laser Power Systems……………………………………………………… 191
by Dylan Goodman
Generating Power from Nuclear Wastes……………………………… 192
by Alison Kibe
Scientists at the National Ignition Facility Bring Us One Step Closer to Fusion Power 193
by Niti Nagar
The Key to Unlimited Energy: Nuclear Fusion and its Formidable Challenges 195
by Chad Redman
Major US Nuclear Energy Provider Fights for Clean Energy Money in Order to Survive 196
by Trevor Smith
VEHICLES…………………………………………………. 199
Those Cool Electric Cars…………………………………………………. 199
by Hannah Brown
Hydrogen Powered Trams Make Their Way in China…………….. 200
by Hannah Brown
Solar Impulse, the Solar Airplane, Journeys Around the World. 202
by Nour Bundogji
Drone Technology Now Used to Monitor, Preserve, and Restore the Environment 203
by Jessie Capper
The Future of Car Racing: Electrifying the World of Motorsports 204
by Jessie Capper
“Bio-bus” Runs on Treated Sewage and Food Waste…………….. 206
by Liza Farr
Green Cars are Being Replaced by SUVs: The Need for Cheap.. 207
by Liza Farr
Piston Power………………………………………………………………… 208
by Alexander Flores
Compressed Air Hybrid Vehicles?…………………………………….. 209
by Emil Morhardt
Nissan’s Electric Vehicle Fleet’s Promising Future in Energy Storage and the Private Sector 210
by Melanie Paty
H2FC SUPERGEN: UK Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Research at its Finest 212
by Chad Redman
The Economic Benefit of Strict Auto Emission Regulations……… 212
by Chad Redman
China to use Electric Vehicles to Solve Energy Variability Problem 213
by Ali Siddiqui
BIOFUELS AND SYNFUELS……………………………. 215
Solazyme Algal Biofuel Production in the United States…………. 215
by Mariah Valerie Barber
The Zero-Waste Zoo: Using Animal Waste as Fuel………………… 216
by Alex Elder
Solazyme Seeks Solutions……………………………………………….. 217
by Alexander Flores
Algae from Wastewater for Biofuels…………………………………… 218
by Dylan Goodman
Our Future in Feces: Vehicles Fueled by Biomethane………….. 219
by Briton Lee
Algae Produce More Biofuel When Starved of Nitrogen, But Why? 220
by Emil Morhardt
Biomass to Butanol via Engineered Yeast…………………………… 221
by Emil Morhardt
Study Shows Flawed Experiments used to Support Policies for “Low-Carbon” Biofuels 223
by Niti Nagar
How to Make Profits from Garbage…………………………………….. 224
by Niti Nagar
One Step Closer to Renewable Propane……………………………… 225
by Niti Nagar
Harnessing Energy from Household Plants…………………………. 226
by Niti Nagar
The Success of Incentivizing Renewable Energy Projects from Landfills 227
by Shannon O’Neill
The Importance of Wood as a Renewable Energy Resource……… 228
by Shannon O’Neill
Does Biofuel Have a Viable Future?………………………………….. 229
by Ali Siddiqui
Pee-Power Could Save Lives……………………………………………. 230
by Abigail Wang
Gas-to-Liquids Technology………………………………………………. 231
by Alex Elder
GreatPoint Energy Makes a Great Point………………………………. 232
by Alexander Flores
Waste and Fuel with InEnTec…………………………………………… 233
by Alexander Flores
HYDROGEN……………………………………………….. 235
Toshiba Opens Hydrogen Energy Research Center in Tokyo…… 235
by Mariah Valerie Barber
The Better Way to Produce Hydrogen Fuel………………………….. 236
by Nour Bundogji
Hydrogen Hungry Bacteria Bring Artificial Leaf One Step Closer to Viability 237
by Liza Farr
Ideal Shift from Gasoline to Hydrogen Fuel Cells…………………. 238
by Alexander Flores
H2FC SUPERGEN: UK Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Research at its Finest 240
by Chad Redman
Feeding Cars With Plants……………………………………………….. 241
by Abigail Wang
HYDRAULIC FRACTURING AND CARBON SEQUESTRATION 243
Why Fracking Works (and Sometimes Doesn’t)……………………. 243
by Emil Morhardt
Why Fracking Might Not Work for as Long as We Would Like…. 245
by Emil Morhardt
Tracking Fracking Fluid with Molecular Tracers………………….. 246
by Emil Morhardt
Instead of Flaring Natural Gas at Fracked Oil Wells, Use it to Treat Fracking Fluid 247
by Emil Morhardt
Using Supercritical CO2 Instead of Water for Fracking…………. 248
by Emil Morhardt
Heavy Oil Production using Fracking and Microwaves………….. 249
by Emil Morhardt
Fracking: Fix it or Forget It? Global Gas and Oil Prices Falling. 250
by Emil Morhardt
Fracking in South Texas: Spatial Landscape Impacts……………. 251
by Emil Morhardt
Try Not to Live Too Close to a Fracked Well………………………… 252
by Emil Morhardt
Biotic Impacts of Fracking………………………………………………. 253
by Emil Morhardt
Methane Emissions in Colorado Exceed EPA Estimates; Fracking? 254
by Emil Morhardt
Unexpectedly High Methane Concentrations over Pennsylvania Shale Gas Fields Too 255
by Emil Morhardt
How Long will the Fayetteville Fracking Play Last?……………….. 256
by Emil Morhardt
Iceland’s Turning Greenhouse Gases Into Stone………………….. 257
by Hannah Brown
Underground Storage of CO2: Attempts to Eliminate Carbon Emissions 258
by Nour Bundogji
ENERGY GOVERNANCE……………………………….. 261
Nigerians Push for Renewable Energy to Solve Power Crisis…… 261
by Nour Bundogji
The New European Energy Union Faces Some Critiques………… 262
by Nour Bundogji
National Parks or Energy: Kenya’s Dilemma………………………… 265
by Jessie Capper
A Call for Holistic and Immediate Action: The World’s Peaking Renewable Resources 266
by Jessie Capper
Can California Continue to Lead in the Renewable Energy Industry?.. 267
by Jessie Capper
Psychology’s Role in Being Green…………………………………….. 269
by Alex Elder
Hamburg is an Industrial City Reborn with a Renewable Energy Economy 270
by Liza Farr
Obama Makes Moves to Advance Clean Energy in Place of Dirty Fuel 272
by Liza Farr
Texas Town Move to 100% Renewable Energy Bodes Well for American GHG Reduction 273
by Liza Farr
Energy Star Initiative……………………………………………………… 275
by Dylan Goodman
Starting Small: Shifting into Renewable Energy in South Korea.. 276
by Alison Kibe
A Greener Apple……………………………………………………………. 277
by Briton Lee
Obama’s Solar Energy Initiative………………………………………… 278
by Shannon O’Neill
Obama and Modi Negotiate Renewable Energy in India…………. 279
by Melanie Paty
California’s Investment in Clean-Tech is Paying Off……………… 280
by Melanie Paty
Effects of Utility Scale Solar Energy on Aquatic Ecosystems in the Southwest 281
by Melanie Paty
Clean Energy in India’s 2015–2016 Budget Proposal…………… 282
by Melanie Paty
Costa Rican Electricity in Q1 2015 has been 100% Renewable 284
by Melanie Paty
Delays in the Desert Renewable Energy Conservation Plan…….. 285
by Melanie Paty
The Future of Climate Change in Hilary Clinton’s 2016 Campaign 286
by Melanie Paty
Hawaii Set on Being the First State to Run on 100% Renewable Energy 287
by Melanie Paty
How far have we come?…………………………………………………… 288
by Ali Siddiqui
Apple and Google put their Green Thumbs Down…………………. 289
by Ali Siddiqui
Costa Rica Using Renewable Energy only for Past 75 Days…….. 290
by Ali Siddiqui
The Battle between Ohio and Solar Energy…………………………. 291
by Ali Siddiqui
Quadrennial Energy Review…………………………………………….. 292
by Ali Siddiqui
Drought-Ridden California Looks to Renewable Energy to Keep the Water Flowing 293
by Trevor Smith
Major Energy Leaders Look to Lift United States Embargo on Oil Exports 294
by Trevor Smith
New European Energy Union Hopes to Loosen Russia’s Grip on Its Energy Market 295
by Trevor Smith
Will Sage Grouses Stop Green Energy Development?……………. 296
by Abigail Wang
Protecting Alaskan Wilderness At What Cost?…………………….. 298
by Abigail Wang
The Unseen Problems with Nevada’s Air Quality………………….. 299
by Abigail Wang
A Green Makeover for France…………………………………………… 301
by Abigail Wang
Crikey! Australia Could Reach 100% Renewables……………….. 302
by Abigail Wang
ENERGY FINANCE AND ECONOMICS……………….. 305
Crowdfunding Goes Where No Government Has Gone Before: Caring about the Environment 305
by Hannah Brown
Citi Deploys $100 Billion on Clean Energy…………………………. 306
by Nour Bundogji
Bloomberg Philanthropies Building Greener Cities………………. 308
by Jessie Capper
Making Solar Energy an Option for All Families…………………… 309
by Jessie Capper
Are lower oil prices really a concern for the renewable energy industry? 310
by Jessie Capper
The Cost of Solar Power………………………………………………….. 311
by Alex Elder
Price Premiums for Homes with Rooftop Solar……………………… 312
by Liza Farr
Google Makes New Clean Energy Purchases After Abandoning R&D Efforts 313
by Liza Farr
Rise in Global Renewable Energy Investment Reveals Market Trends.. 315
by Liza Farr
Colorado Utilities Deploy Renewable Energy Because of Lower Costs 316
by Liza Farr
Potential $8-Billion Green Energy Initiative for Los Angeles…… 318
by Alexander Flores
Funding for Energy Initiatives in Africa: US-Africa Clean Energy Finance Initiative 320
by Alison Kibe
Crowdsourcing to Eliminate Energy Poverty………………………… 321
by Alison Kibe
Changes in Clean Energy Investment in 2014: End of Year Recap 322
by Melanie Paty
Global Consequences of Crude Oil Price Reductions……………. 323
by Ali Siddiqui
Are Energy Credits Enough?…………………………………………….. 324
by Ali Siddiqui
About the Authors………………………………………… 327
Index……………………………………………………….. 329